Gentiopicroside (GE), a naturally occurring iridoid glycoside, inhibits CYP2A6 and CYP2E1 with IC50 values of 21.8μg/ml and 594μg/ml, respectively in human liver microsomes, and  dose not inhibit CYP2C9, CYP2D6, CYP1A2 or CYP3A4 activities.

Patchouli alcohol, an ingredient in pogostemonis herba, has various pharmacological activities and acts as an inhibitor of asexual fungal propagation, inflammation, the influenza virus, and tumorigenesis.

Anethole has two isomers, the cis(Z) isomer being 15-38 times more toxic to animal than the trans(E) isomer. cis-Anethole is found in anise and Only a low level is permitted in flavours.

Notoginsenoside R1 is the main ingredient with cardiovascular activity in Panax notoginseng. It inhibits TNF-α-induced PAI-1 over via extracellular signal-related kinases (ERK1/2) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (PKB) signaling pathways.

Glabridin, one of the active phytochemicals in licorice extract, binds to and activates the ligand binding domain of PPARγ, as well as the full length receptor. It is also a GABAA receptor positive modulator promoting fatty acid oxidation and improving learning and memory.

Picroside I, an iridoid glycoside, is a hepatoprotective agent which is reported to be antimicrobial and used against hepatitis B.

Carvacrol, monoterpenic phenol isomeric with thymol, has diverse activities such as antimicrobial, antitumor, an-timutagenic, antigenotoxic, analgesic, antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, antiparasitic, antiplatelet, AChE inhibitory, antielastase, insecticidal, antihepatotoxic and hepatoprotective activities.

Tiglic acid is a monocarboxylic unsaturated organic acid found in croton oil and in several other natural products. It is used in making perfumes and flavoring agents.