Umbelliferone is a 7-hydroxycoumarin that is a pharmacologically active agent. It is a fluorescing compound used as a sunscreen agent and shows good inhibitions of DPPH, hydroxyl, superoxide anion and ABTS radicals with anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperglycaemic, molluscicidal and anti-tumor activities.

Flavanones show strong antioxidant and radical scavenging activity, and appear to be associated with a reduced risk of certain chronic diseases, the prevention of some cardiovascular disorders, and certain kinds of cancer. Flavanones also exhibit antiviral, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities, beneficial effects on capillary fragility, and an ability to inhibit human platelet aggregation, anti-ulcer, and anti-allergenic properties.

Cholic acid is a naturally occurring bile acid that is insoluble in water and is used to treat patients with genetic deficiencies in the synthesis of bile acids.

Sinomenine (SN), extracted from the Chinese medicinal plant, sinomenium acutum, is a potent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent.

Stachydrine is isolated from seed husk and the pulp of the fruit of C. Leonurus, and many other Asian plants and fruits. It has potent anti-metastatic activity and cardioprotective effects.

Palmatine, an isoquinoline alkaloid, has sedative, antidepressant, antioxidative, anti-ulcerative, antacid, anticancer, and anti-metastatic activities.

Tetramethylpyrazine, also known as ligustrazine, is a chemical compound found in natto and in fermented cocoa beans with anti-inflammation, antioxidant, antiplatelet, and antiapoptosis activities.

Sophoricoside (SOPH) is an isoflavone isolated from Sophora japonica (Leguminosae) with numerous pharmacological effects, including anti- inflammatory, anti-cancer and immunosuppressive effects.