Sodium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate (Sodium ascorbyl phosphate, SAP) is specifically produced for use as a stabilized source of vitamin C in cosmetic products. It is used in skin care recipes for UV protection, collagen production, as an antioxidant and for its skin lightening and brightening effects.

Bilirubin is a tetrapyrrole and a breakdown product of heme catabolism that acts as a physiological, chain-breaking antioxidant.

Dihydrocholesterol is a cholesterol derivative found in human feces, gallstones, eggs, and other biological matter.

L-Citrulline (Cit) is a naturally occurring nonessential amino acid which is the key intermediate in the urea cycle.

Spiculisporic acid is a bioactive γ-butenolide isolated from a marine Aspergillus.

Taurocholic acid, a bile salt formed in the liver, is the product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine that is involved in the emulsification of lipids. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals.

Sodium erythorbate (NaE) is the sodium of erythorbic acid, a highly refined food-grade chemical closely related to vitamin C, synthesized from sugar, and used as a color fixative in preparing cured meats.

Hydroferulic acid, also known as Dihydroferulic acid, is classified as a member of the phenylpropanoic acids. It is slightly soluble in water and acidic.