Naringin is a flavanone glycoside, which exerts a variety of pharmacological effects such as antioxidant activity, blood lipid lowering, anticancer activity, and inhibition of cytochrome P450 enzymes.

Glycyrrhizic Acid is a direct HMGB1(high mobility group box 1) inhibitor that inhibits HMGB1-dependent inflammatory molecule  and oxidative stress; modulates P38 and P-JNK but not p-ERK signalling; Also inhibits 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase (MAO).

Diosgenin is a steroid sapogenin and the precursor for the semisynthesis of progesterone.

Cilostazol is a quinolinone derivative and cellular phosphodiesterase inhibitor, more specific for phosphodiesterase III (PDE III).

Apigenin is a potent P450 inhibitor for CYP2C9 with Ki of 2 μM.

Paeonol (Peonol), a phenolic compound extracted from Chinese herbs Paeonia suffruticosa (moutan cortex) and Cynanchum paniculatum, inhibits MAO with an IC50 of about 50 μM.

Deltarasin is a small molecular inhibitor of KRAS-PDEδ interaction with Kd of 38 nM for binding to purified PDEδ.

Fluvastatin is the first synthetically-derived HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor.